Summary of Learning Objectives:

Fall 2017 Office Hours - Tuesday, Thursday 11:15 a.m. - 12:15 p.m., Bio/Psych #236.
Office Phone: x-7657 (leave voice mail here), HCI Lab phone: x-7656.e-mail: nilsen@lclark.edu

I have an open door policy.  Feel free to drop in at other times.  If my door is open, I am available to chat. If it is closed, I am either gone or working on a project with a deadline.  Leave a message on my white board or with the departmental administrative assistant.

Day & Date

Topic 

T Sept. 5

Introduction - Memory and Name Games!

Get your Name Anagram (and post it on your Moodle Profile page)

Peruse the World Memory Championship Website. The 2017 World competition will be held this December 7th - 14th!! Here is a list of a huge number of Memory World Records.

Lab #1 Mnemonic Techniques

Presidents and Name Mnemonics, Coglab 2.0 Exp. Link Word

Lab Write up is found on the class moodle site. It is due (submit on the moodle by class time, Wed., Sept. 13th.)

Animaniacs teach the US presidents with music and mnemonic.

Another spicy way to memorize the presidents with a country vibe with a music video by Jonathon Coulton.

Sporcle is a fun website that has some activities that may help you learn the president's names.

Mnemosyne is a FREE software package that helps you memorize lists of material by optimizing the spacing of rehearsal for Lists of your creation. Use it for the President Lab if you like!

 Beaton(1995).pdf

Read this article before class and be ready to discuss this case study and it's implications for using this strategy for learning foreign vocabulary. What strategies have you used to learn a foreign language or other academic material?

 

W Sept. 6

No class meeting today. The lab is open if you want to work on Lab #1 Mnemonic Techniques

Presidents and Name Mnemonics (Using Yo Millard Fillmore book provided by Erik), Coglab 2.0 Exp. Link Word (found on all HCI lab computers)

Morris (2005) Strategies for Learning Proper Names: Expanding Retrieval Practice, Meaning and Imagery.

REACTION PAPER (submit on the moodle before class time today)

This paper presents us with 3 experiments - In layman's terms, describe the name memorization techniques used in these studies. How do they differ in their operational definitions across the experiments. Briefly describe the reasons behind conducting the 2nd and 3rd experiments, why didn't they just stop at 1! Finally, if you were going to tell your mother the best method to help her memorize the names of people on her upcoming National Convention of ????? what would you recommend that she do based on this study?

T Sep. 12

Beaton et. al. (2005) Facilitation of receptive and productive foreign vocabulary learning using the keyword method: The role of image quality.

Linkword Languagescommercial site derived from research on mnemonics and language learning.

Advance preparation notes (bring this to class as a printed copy)

Read the Beaton (2005) paper and pay special attention to Appendix 1. what features do you find that distinguish between the "good keyword" versus the "poor keyword" images? Try to come up with a short (5 - 9) list of differences along with recommendations about how to generate effective keyword images. after doing this, check out two languages of the free online demo's at the Linkword Languages website (notice who designed these courses!). Comment on the quality of the keyword images of the demo's using your criteria derived from the research paper (with several illustrative examples). Does Gruneberg practice what he preaches? A brand new updated slick web site for Gruneberg's company can be found at http://www.unforgettablelanguages.com/

Moe (2005) Stressing the Efficacy of the Loci Method: Oral Presentation and the Subject-generation of the Loci Pathway with Expository Passages

Kondo (2004) Changes in brain activation associated with use of a memory strategy: a functional MRI study.

REACTION PAPER (submit this one before class on the moodle site.)

For readings - Moe (2005) & Kondo (2004) Focused Question, submit before class on Moodle site.

(1) Ok, so these 2 papers study the mnemonic technique called "The Method of Loci" using very different methodologies. Compare and contrast the research methodology of the papers and what new information they give about the mechanisms underlying the most successful use of this mnemonic device.

(2) Use the Terminology of the Moe Paper to describe the task used and the 2 recall conditions in Kondo (2004). Incorporate the concepts of Oral vs written modality, rehearsal vs. method of loci, experimenter vs subject-generated pathways, expository vs. descriptive vs. narrative passages. Did Kondo use the "optimal" combination of stimuli and task characteristics in their study?

(3)Take the plunge and suggest a thought experiment that combines ideas from both papers to really highlight the differences in brain activation using fMRI recording of people doing Rehearsal vs. Method of Loci Memorization. What results would you expect?

W Sep. 13

Maguire (2002) Routes to remembering: the brains behind superior memory

Lab #1.5 Exceptional Memory Film Fest! No advance preparation required for this lab except being able to recite the Presidents!

Autistic man is a "Living Camera"

Simon Reinhard setting world record for memorizing card deck (with awesome soundtrack)! Alez Mullen, memory athlete, explains how it is done! (view first 4 minutes)

Einstein's Brain Glial Cells Rock!

Real Rain Man Kim Peak

Brain Man Daniel Tammet learns Icelandic in a week!

Th Sep. 14

Alpha and Omega of Memory Research

Read Chapters 1 - 3 of Hermann Ebbinghaus' landmark Dissertation on Memory.

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) Über das Gedchtnis: Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie. English Translation (Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology)

REACTION PAPER (submit on moodle by 5 p.m. today)

For chapters 1 - 3, your reaction paper should highlight how he defined memory and it's measurement and what experimental procedures and operational definitions he used to make the study of memory possible from an empirical, scientific standpoint.

T Sep. 19

Group Assignments for Tuesday’s Class

For Chapters 5 - 9, the following groups will to prepare a ten - twelve minute presentation for the rest of the class.

(1) What new phenomena is studied in this chapter.

(2) what new concepts are defined

(3) choose 1 table of figures and write an explanation of what it reveals

(4) general conclusions and/or "laws" of memory does Ebbinghaus derive from this chapter?

(5) find at least one example of more recent research that has built on Ebbinghaus' contribution in this area.

 

 

Chapter 5. Rapidity of Learning Series of Syllables as a Function of Their Length

Rosa, Maggie, Jackie C.

Chapter 6. Retention as a Function of the Number of Repetitions

Ashley, Alaina, Ellie, Abbie

Chapter 7. Retention and Obliviscence as a Function of the Time

Miya, Jackie L, Cesar, Olivia

Chapter 8. Retention as a Function of Repeated Learning

Mikayla, Paradise, Annika

Chapter 9. Retention as a Function of the Order of Succession of the Members of the Series

Emma, Sheridan, Shin

 

No Reaction Paper Due, your group presentation will be the basis for evaluation for today.

 

W Sep. 20

Hunt (1995) The subtlety of distinctiveness: What von Restorff really did

Kishiyama (2004) The von Restorff Effect in Amnesia: The Contribution of the Hippocampal System to Novelty-Related Memory Enhancements

Discussion topics to consider while reading - compare and contrast the methodologies and conclusions. Try to come up with 3 different examples of how the memorial distinctiveness that vonRestorff elucidated has real life practical application.

Lab #2 Serial Memory Lab

Coglab 2.0 Experiments - von Restorff Effect.

Lab write up is found on the class moodle site. It is due (submitted on the moodle by class time, Thursday, Sept. 29th.)

Th Sep. 21

Amping Up Our Memory - Cognitive Enhancers and Nootropics are onr the bleeding edge of science and pseudoscience.

Hot off the academic press, here is a shortish overview article on Types of Cognitive Enhancers that are available today. It has been accepted for publication but not published yet.

Savulich, George, et al. "Focusing the neuroscience and societal implications of cognitive enhancers." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 101.2 (2017): 170-172.

Here is another short article with a bit of overlap and a different perspective.

Augmented memory: a survey of the approaches to remembering more.

Christopher R. Madan* Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Front. Syst. Neurosci., 03 March 2014 | doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00030

 

News Report that Electrical Brain Stimulation may enhance memory! Original Article from Science August 2014!

Memory Palace TED talk! We will watch this in class

Remember This. by Joshua Foer, National Geographic Magazine, Nov. 2007. Read this essay in advance and be ready to discuss it in class along with your own memory foibles!

HSAM (Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory)

T Sep. 26

Read the classic paper by George Miller entitled: The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. This paper, written in 1956, helped launch the information processing paradigm in psychology and his 7+/- 2 chunks in STM is certainly the most widely cited "number" in memory research. I am asking you to read the original. This is very dense reading. To help us understand it better I am assigning each of you one of the sections to summarize (in writing) and present orally in class. Be sure to define any terms that need it and to explain any graphs that are in your section. You may need to do a bit of outside research to fully understand the material, try to put it into your own words. You will have 15ish minutes at the beginning of class to ask Erik questions and discuss the material before presenting it to the class. The section assignments are given below.

Information measurement (Erik)

Absolute judgments of unidimensional stimuli (Group 1) Ashley, Jackie L, Paradise,

Absolute judgments of multidimensional stimuli (Group 2)Alaina, Cesar, Annika, Sheridan,

Subitizing (Group 3) Rosa, Ellie, Olivia

The span of immediate memory (Group 4) Maggie, Abbie, Emma, Shin

Recoding (Group 5) Jackie C., Miya, Mikayla,

 

Baddeley 1994 The Magical number seven: Still magic after all these years? I suggest you read this one first.

W Sep. 27

Read CogLabWorkingMemoryLab3.pdf in preparation for the lab today. (distributed via e-mail and in class readings Google Drive folder)

Ted Talk on Working Memory

Good News Neuroracer Research to Train Working Memory in older folks using Dual Task Video Game

Bad News Your Smartphone Reduces Your Brainpower, Even If It’s Just Sitting There. Magazine Article | Original Research Paper

Lab #3 Working Memory Capacity

Coglab 2.0 Experiments - Memory Span, Operation Span

Lab write up is found on the class moodle site. It is due (submitted on the moodle by noon Wednesday, Oct. 4th)

TH Sep. 28

Introduction to Neural Network approach to Cognition. Read through this and try the exercises. We will review it in class.

Here is short overview of the role of connectionist modeling in psychology.

Try out this Neural network simulation and another Neural Network Playground!

Neural network representation of gangs from "West Side Story"!

Artistic Neural Networks.

An assortment of online Neural Network demo's.

- Read about the Human Face Detection Project at Carnegie Mellon University. This paper describes a novel Computer Vision approach incorporating a neural network to recognize faces in pictures submitted by anyone on the Web.

T Oct. 3

Neural Networks make the big time in a Psychological Review Article.

Cohen (1990) "On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the stroop effect."

Reaction Paper: (post on Moodle)
For each simulation, write up and be ready to discuss the following questions:
1. What is the simulation trying to show?
2. How well does the simulation data match the empirical data?
3. What features of the neural network simulation are most responsible for producing the correspondence between empirical data and simulation results.

We will assign groups to lead the discussion for each of the simulation studies.

Simulation 1 - Ashley, Cesar, Olivia, Paradise,

Simulation 2 Alaina, Emma, Mikayla, Maggie,

Simulation 3 Abbie, Miya, Shin

Simulation 4 Jackie L, Sheridan, Rosa,

Simulation 5 Ellie, Annika, Jackie C.

W Oct. 4

Facial Emotion - Truth and Deception

Ron Gutman's Ted Talk on the Power of Smiles!

Ekman (2003) Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression

Blow(2006) Perception of Robot Smiles and Dimensions for Human-Robot Interaction Design.

Kaspar Robot used to help Autistic kids learn to recognize facial expressions of emotion.

Here is a Robotic Head that is firmly in the Uncanny Valley IMHO!

And a pair of Japanese Robots whose creators say have crossed to the other side of the Uncanny Valley?! You decide!

Smile Experiment (do not access before class)

Psychology Today article on the science of smiling (Proceed with caution)

Paul Ekman's F.A.C.E web page including a demo of METT

Read about TD-Gammon, a Neural Network Backgammon Expert that learns without input from Humans!
 
  Play at least 2 games of backgammon against a computer opponent

Search the web and online research databases for two recent examples (2009 or later) of the use of neural network/connectionist,PDP modeling. One of the examples should be focused on theory development and the other on an applied topic. Be prepared to give a brief overview of the research in class today using the computer projection unit to show us your "finds". (Post on moodle before classtime today)

T

Oct. 10

Dandeneau (2007). Cutting Stress Off at the Pass: Reducing Vigilance and Responsiveness to Social Threat by Manipulating Attention.

MindHabits Software to improve your self-esteem, work productivity and yes, maybe even your dating success!

Obama-McCain "When I see your Smile" Music Video

Body Language Analysis of Presidential Debate (2008)

Stephen Colbert analyses smiles of Romney and Obama in 1st Pres. debate (juicy goodness starts at 1:49)

More 2016 Debate Non Verbal Analysis to appear here!

W

Nothing due today, but be sure to submit your Thought Experiment Lab assignment to the Moodle before you leave for fall break.. (due on moodle by 5 p.m.Thursday)

Ok guys, for your "lab write up" this week, I want you to come up with a thought experiment based on the theory and research findings of the Dandeneau article assigned for Tuesday, Oct. 4th and using the Mindhabits Software that we tried out in class on Tuesday..

Come up with an idea for a study that lays out the independent and dependent variables, hypotheses and the actual procedures that you would have participants do to test your idea. No need to do anything in APA style this time, but I am interested in the rationale for your idea and how you "flesh it out" (with a nod to Halloween) with a testable hypothesis that we could actually implement.

We may very well turn the best idea presented into a future lab. As a bonus, the person who comes up with the idea can use this as their final project and will get the class collected data to use for there project along with free statistical consulting from yours truly!

Introduction to Mind Mapping Concept and Software to support it.

WikiPedia Page entry on Mind Mapping.

here are a few links to online mind mapping tools

TH Oct. 12th

No class today, but use Today and the fall break to read through the first 3 chapters of the Altruism Book (pages 1 - 55) be ready to discuss it in class next Tuesday.

Erik will give you a word cloud that shows key concepts from the introduction to the book. Your assignment for next Tuesday is to create a concept map of the key terms and the relationships among them for one of the 3 chapters of your choosing. Feel free to use a software tool or to do it freehand with markers or crayons on a large sheet of paper. Be ready to present and discuss your mind map with others in the class.

T Oct. 17

Altruism - Class discussion and Mind Map Exchange

Read Chapters Intro - 3

Th Oct. 19

Altruism - Class discussion and individual presentations

Read Chapters 3 - 4

Link to Altruism Primary Source Critical Analysis Forum for presenters and responders.

Presenters submit entry by class time today. Responders entries are due by the end of the following day.

T Oct. 24

Altruism - Class discussion and individual presentations

Read Chapters 5 - 7

Link to Altruism Primary Source Critical Analysis Forum for presenters and responders.

Presenters submit entry by class time today. Responders entries are due by the end of the following day.

Moral Decision Making and Trolleyology

The Principle (Doctrine) of Double Effect goes back to Thomas Aquinas' writings in 1274!

examples of it's application to real life ethical quandaries like euthanasia. and the use of Military Drones.

Trolleyology Overview Video1, and Video 2

Article to Read Hauser et al. 2007

a bit of background on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Th Oct. 24

Altruism - Class discussion and individual presentations

Read Chapters 8 - 12

Link to Altruism Primary Source Critical Analysis Forum for presenters and responders.

Presenters submit entry by class time today. Responders entries are due by the end of the following day.

False Memory Introduction

Bernstein(2005). False beliefs about fattening foods can have healthy consequences. Alda/Loftus video clip (33:08 - 40:12)

Garoff-Eaton (2006). Not All False Memories Are Created Equal: The Neural Basis for False Recognition. (read this one online as the color figures don't reproduce)

Greenberg (2004). President Bush’s False ‘Flashbulb’ Memory of 9/11/01. and Hillary's bosnia oops!

Moodle Assignment

By class time today, each of you should find an example of a "famous person's false memory", and post the web address and a 2 paragraph description on the Moodle forum entitled <FALSE MEMORIES>. Use 1 paragraph to describe the false memory and another one to analyze it from the perspective of a memory researcher, giving them the benefit of a doubt that they are not just engaging in a bald-faced lie.

False Memories - In the Labs and Beyond!!

Roediger and McDermott(1995). Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists.

Watson (2004). Attempting to avoid false memories in the Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm: Assessing the combined influence of practice and warnings in young and old adults.

Loftus (2003). Make Believe Memories.

Wade (2002). A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories.

Lab #4 False Memory (data collection and lab writeup due Wed. Nov. 8th)

Altruism All Class Activity TBD

Possibilities include (1) Debate on the Existence of Altruism, (2) Mind Mapping - Round 2, (3) Analysis of current events through the lens of the book's perspective.

Exploring the Somatic Marker Hypothesis

Cognitive Neuroscientists use case studies, neural network modeling and laboratory-based gambling tasks to understand the role of emotion and cognition in risky decision-making. In this section we will be reading an assortment of papers exploring this topic.

Wagar (2004) Spiking Phineas Gage: A Neurocomputational Theory of Cognitive–Affective Integration in Decision Making.

Reaction Paper - In the Wagar article, the authors present a neural network model that is different in several dimensions from the other 3 neural network models that we have studied. Please discuss the differences that you see including (1) the aspects of real neurons that are modeled, (2) The architecture (connections and number and density of neurons) of the neural network, and (3) the way that the neural network is used to address the underlying theory it is testing. Finally, strive mightily, using all of your mental prowess to understand and explain in writing what is going on in figure 4 on page 71!

Phineas Gage Video (Halloween version) Short Digital Videos of Path of Tamping Rod

Concise and accurate summary of what we know about Phineas Gage.

In today's lab you will be participating in two experiments related to risky decision making and gambling. Don't read the articles assigned for this coming Thursday ahead of time so that you can come into these experiments unadulterated!!

The Iowa Gambling Task is a card game where you have 100 trials to make money.

The Game of Dice Task is a dice game where you have 18 trials to make money.

The first article below is the first empirical study presenting laboratory evidence for the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH). The 2 followup articles present a back and forth argument about how to interpret the results and what they might mean about the relationship between cogniton and emotion in the Iowa Gambling Task! Be ready to engage in argument and debate over this heated topic, GSR's will raise!

Bechara (1997) Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.

Maia (2004) A reexamination of the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis: What participants really know in the Iowa gambling task

Bechara (2005) The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers

Read one of the classic papers in cognitive science by written by Alan Turing in 1950 entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence". Turing poses the question"Can machines think?"

Here is what one reviewer had to say about the paper when nominating it for the 3rd most influential paper in cognitive science for the 20th century.

This paper is often said to mark the beginning of the cognitivist revolution in psychology by arguing that computing machines that think are possible, thus defending the appropriateness of computational models of intelligence and, by extension, other cognitive processes. The paper also recommends the controversial Turing test, according to which a computing machine that can simulate a thinking, speaking human so well that a human judge cannot detect the simulation should be deemed to possess genuine intelligence.

Read the paper and write a response paper commenting on the adequacy of the Turing Test "Imitation Game" for determining machine intelligence. Which of the objections that Turing presents do you find the most compelling and why? Which is the least convincing objection? Submit this one on the Moodle assignment entitled Turing Thoughts

Come up with an objection of your own to the Turing Test. What would it take to convince you that a Machine was truly intelligent? Be ready to discuss and defend your position!

A recent critique of the Turing Test by Mark Alpern

In class today we will play a version of the "Turing Test " and also test your human wits against the machine in a domain specific Turing Test for Poetry Writing. Come prepared to defend humanity!!

Read the paper "Computer modeling and simulation of Personality" (digital copy e-mailed to you on Tuesday <ElizaParry.pdf>). Be ready do discuss the following questions in class on Thursday. Compare and contrast the approach of Aldous and Parry in modeling emotions. What do you think about the validity of their approach? Parry has passed a version of the Turing test. Compare this testing format with the unrestricted turing test. Why do you think that Parry is so convincing when Eliza is so lame?

Introduction to HRI

Breazeal(2000).pdf Infant-like Social Interactions between a Robot and a Human Caregiver.

Smith & Breazeal(2007).pdf The dynamic lift of developmental process.

You have 2 Kismet Papers to Read for Today's class. Class discussion will revolve around how Kismet embodies theories of emotion and expressive states. Pay particular attention to the experiments described (and graphed) of Kismet interacting with faces and stuffed animals!

Kismet is a sociable robot being developed at MIT which uses facial expressiveness as a central feature. Browse around the Kismet web site to get a feel for the goals of the project and what they have accomplished to date! Be sure to check out Kismet's "space of emotive facial expressions" and look at the pages concerning social interaction and how Kismet "learns".

Leonardo is Kismet's kin that has taken some major steps forward in abilities, most notably, it has arms, understands some language and has a fairly sophisticated representation about the beliefs of others in reference to it's world of faces and objects. check out the Leonardo project web site and this video of Leo learning a new concept from a human!

Introduction to Sensory-Sensory, Sensory-Motor, and yes, Even Neural-Spiritual interactions, illusions and delusions!

Hearing Colors, Tasting Shapes. RamaHubbardSciAm_2003.pdf. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Edward M. Hubbard. Scientific American. p 52 - 59. May, 2003.

SYNESTHETIC COLORS DETERMINED BY HAVING COLORED REFRIGERATOR MAGNETS IN CHILDHOOD Witthorft(2006).pdf

Synesthesia Overview and Case Studies

Synesthesia Immersion Video - Colorful Acoustic Letters!

Rama - Lama- chandran NOVA video on Secrets of the Mind will be shown in class. Be prepared to be intrigued!

Phantom Limb Therapy

A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). McCabe(2003).pdf

Investigating the efficacy of a virtual mirror box in treating phantom limb pain in a sample of chronic sufferers. Murray(2006).pdf

W Nov. 29th

Lab #6 Crossed Connections! Sensory and Tactile Illusions

Phantom Fun, Somatosensory Strangeness, and Kinesthetic Quirks.

Touching a Rubber Hand: Feeling of Body Ownership Is Associated with Activity in Multisensory Brain Areas. Ehrsson(2005).pdf

Rubber Hand Video (don't watch until class time)

Even Wiggier Out of Body experience via Virtual Reality

First Person Experience of Body Transfer in Virtual Reality

Phantom Sensory Remapping

VR for Phantom Pain Relief

Cognitive Psychology speaks to the Political Divide: Why can't we see eye to eye on anything!

Short Accessible Overview Article

The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology Science 316, 998 (2007); Jonathan Haidt, et al.

Hefty multiple study article presenting moral foundations theory

Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations (2009) Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A. Nosek

Exploring uncomfortable stereotyping of ingroups and outgroups!

The Moral Stereotypes of Liberals and Conservatives: Exaggeration of Differences across the Political Spectrum Jesse Graham , Brian A. Nosek, Jonathan Haidt Published: December 12, 2012

Cognitive Psychology speaks to the Political Divide: Why can't we see eye to eye on anything!

Short Accessible Overview Article

The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology Science 316, 998 (2007); Jonathan Haidt, et al.

Hefty multiple study article presenting moral foundations theory

Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations (2009) Jesse Graham, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A. Nosek

Exploring uncomfortable stereotyping of ingroups and outgroups!

The Moral Stereotypes of Liberals and Conservatives: Exaggeration of Differences across the Political Spectrum Jesse Graham , Brian A. Nosek, Jonathan Haidt Published: December 12, 2012

Final Project - Draft of Introduction, Literature Review and methodology (Due Tuesday Dec. 5th at class time)Assignment

Data Set Creation Session for Final Projects

What's so funny, and why, and where?

The Science of Humor Video.

Humor comprehension in older adults. Mak(2007).pdf

Humor Modulates the Mesolimbic Reward Centers. Mobbs(2003).pdf

Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire.Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75.

More to Come